Slotted Waveguide Array Antennas
Introduction
This paper was presented at the 40th Annual West Coast VHF/UHF conferenceheld on May 5-7 in Cerritos, California. Some editing was done to make itsuitable for this web page.
Abstract
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Slot antennas can be used for fixed stations, satellite ground stationsand beacons. With proper mounting, a slot antenna can also be used for 'microwavemobile'. With a 16-slot total, the antenna can have 10-12 dbi gain.
Slot antennas can be built from surplus waveguide sections, which will givean ominidirectional pattern (and horizontal polarization). This paper offersa computer-aided method to calculate the proper dimensions for the slotsand their locations.
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Slot Antenna on SIW Slot antennas are popular omnidirectional microwave antennas. Unique features of these antennas are horizontal polarization and omnidirectional gain around the azimuth. The slot length is generally λ g /2 which is cut on the top wall of the waveguide. A slot cut into the wall of a waveguide interrupts.
Because the antenna is of one-piece construction, it is rugged and can bebuilt cheaply, requiring only access to a reasonably precise drill pressor milling machine.
Getting Ready
The first step in construction of the antenna is to select a section ofwaveguide which covers the desired frequency. Approximate waveguide dimensionsfor several microwave bands are listed in table 1. If your waveguide doesn'tmatch the dimensions exactly, go ahead and run the program. It will tellyou if the waveguide is too small (if you attempt to operate a waveguidebelow its cutoff frequency, it will have unacceptable SWR and losses).
Waveguide Slot Antenna Hfss
Usable Frequency (Ghz) | Typical Waveguide | Long Dimension 'a', inches | Short Dimension 'b', inches |
---|---|---|---|
1.12 - 1.7 | WR650 | 6.5 | 3.25 |
1.7 - 2.6 | WR430 | 4.3 | 2.15 |
2.2 - 3.3 | WR340 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
2.6 - 3.95 | WR284 | 2.84 | 1.34 |
3.3 - 4.9 | WR229 | 2.29 | 1.145 |
3.95 - 5.85 | WR187 | 1.872 | .0872 |
4.9 - 7.05 | WR159 | 1.59 | .0759 |
7 - 11 | WR102 | 1.02 | 0.51 |
8.2 - 12.4 | WR90 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
10 - 15 | WR75 | 0.75 | 0.375 |
18 - 26.5 | WR42 | 0.42 | 0.170 |
Running the Computer-aided Design File
Once the waveguide has been selected, just enter its cross-sectional dimensionsand the desired operating frequency into the Mathcad program file slot_ant.mcd or slot_a2.mcd. In order to edit the file and make the calculations, you must have a copyof Mathcad, running under Microsoft Windows.
The program file references the slot antenna dimensions shown in Figure1. Note that all calculated dimensions are given in both inches and millimeters.For the best pattern, a pair of ground planes (wings) can be added to eitherside of the antenna. The wings should be flush with the top of the waveguideand extend at least a half-wavelength below the bottom slot. The wings needto protrude out from the sides by several wavelengths, if possible.
Machining the Slots (2 methods)
Slot Antenna on SIW Slot antennas are popular omnidirectional microwave antennas. Unique features of these antennas are horizontal polarization and omnidirectional gain around the azimuth. The slot length is generally λ g /2 which is cut on the top wall of the waveguide. A slot cut into the wall of a waveguide interrupts.
Because the antenna is of one-piece construction, it is rugged and can bebuilt cheaply, requiring only access to a reasonably precise drill pressor milling machine.
Getting Ready
The first step in construction of the antenna is to select a section ofwaveguide which covers the desired frequency. Approximate waveguide dimensionsfor several microwave bands are listed in table 1. If your waveguide doesn'tmatch the dimensions exactly, go ahead and run the program. It will tellyou if the waveguide is too small (if you attempt to operate a waveguidebelow its cutoff frequency, it will have unacceptable SWR and losses).
Waveguide Slot Antenna Hfss
Usable Frequency (Ghz) | Typical Waveguide | Long Dimension 'a', inches | Short Dimension 'b', inches |
---|---|---|---|
1.12 - 1.7 | WR650 | 6.5 | 3.25 |
1.7 - 2.6 | WR430 | 4.3 | 2.15 |
2.2 - 3.3 | WR340 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
2.6 - 3.95 | WR284 | 2.84 | 1.34 |
3.3 - 4.9 | WR229 | 2.29 | 1.145 |
3.95 - 5.85 | WR187 | 1.872 | .0872 |
4.9 - 7.05 | WR159 | 1.59 | .0759 |
7 - 11 | WR102 | 1.02 | 0.51 |
8.2 - 12.4 | WR90 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
10 - 15 | WR75 | 0.75 | 0.375 |
18 - 26.5 | WR42 | 0.42 | 0.170 |
Running the Computer-aided Design File
Once the waveguide has been selected, just enter its cross-sectional dimensionsand the desired operating frequency into the Mathcad program file slot_ant.mcd or slot_a2.mcd. In order to edit the file and make the calculations, you must have a copyof Mathcad, running under Microsoft Windows.
The program file references the slot antenna dimensions shown in Figure1. Note that all calculated dimensions are given in both inches and millimeters.For the best pattern, a pair of ground planes (wings) can be added to eitherside of the antenna. The wings should be flush with the top of the waveguideand extend at least a half-wavelength below the bottom slot. The wings needto protrude out from the sides by several wavelengths, if possible.
Machining the Slots (2 methods)
Integrated Waveguide Slot Antennas
Drill Press - Just drill many overlapping holes, then file out the slots to the desireddimensions.
Milling Machine - The ideal method: fast and accurate, and less prone to an accident of drillingor filing.
Note that the front -face and rear-face slots are exactly across the waveguidefrom each other. You should be able to 'see through' any front/back pairof slots if the antenna is constructed correctly.
Feeding the Antenna
The simpliest feed for the slot antenna is to use a coaxial-to-waveguidetransition. These transitions are also available (sometimes) on the surplusmarket, having BNC or Type N connectors.
There are two versions of the Mathcad slot antenna program. It was discoveredthat the original program running on Mathcad 3.1 had some problems whenusers tried to run it on later versions, namely version 6.0, etc. For usersof the older Mathcad, use slot_ant.mcd, otherwise use slot_a2.mcd. Many thanks to Steve Muther, WF6R, for getting the program running inMathcad 6.0.
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